Kuyo yonke inqubo yokwenza iphepha "i-pulping - papermaking - finishing", umcwengisisi uyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile esinquma ukusebenza kwefiber kanye nekhwalithi yephepha. Ngezenzo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, noma ezihlanganisiwe zemishini namakhemikhali, isika, i-fibrillate, i-帚化 (i-fibrillation), futhi icwengisise imicu ye-pulp, ivumele imicu yasekuqaleni exegayo yakhe amandla okubopha aqinile, futhi ekugcineni inikeze iphepha elinokusebenza okuyisisekelo njengamandla, ukufana, nokumunca uyinki. Kusukela ezigayweni zamatshe ezivamile kuya ezintweni zesimanje ezihlakaniphile, ukuphindaphindwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwabacwengisisi bekulokhu kugxile ezimisweni ezintathu eziyinhloko "zokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukunemba, nokongiwa kwamandla", okuba usekelo olubalulekile lokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokwenza amaphepha.

I. Imisebenzi Ewumongo kanye Nomgomo Wokusebenza Wabacwengisisi

Umgomo oyinhloko womcwengi “ukwenza ngcono i-fiber morphology”, futhi umgomo wayo wokusebenza ungafingqwa njengokuthi “ukuguqulwa kwefayibha ngaphansi kwesenzo somshini”:

• Isimiso Esiyisisekelo: Uma i-pulp idlula phakathi kwamadiski womcwengisisi (noma amaroli), iba ngaphansi kwamandla emishini ahlanganisiwe njengokugunda, ukukhishwa, nokuxova. Izindonga ze-fiber cell ziklebhukile ukuze zakhe ama-microfibril, futhi indawo engaphezulu ikhiqiza isakhiwo esiminyene esine-fibrillation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izintambo ezinde ngokweqile zisikwa ngokufanelekile, okwenza ukusabalalisa ubude be-fiber kuhambisane nezidingo zokwenza iphepha.
• Imisebenzi Esemqoka: Okokuqala, thuthukisa i-fiber bonding force ukuze wenze iphepha libe namandla anele okuqina, amandla okudabula, namandla okuqhuma; okwesibili, thuthukisa ukufana kwe-fiber interweaving ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana kwephepha nokuba flat; okwesithathu, zivumelane nezidingo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zephepha, njengephepha lamasiko elidinga imicu emihle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphrinta, kanye nephepha lokupakisha elidinga imicu ewugqinsi nemide ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina.

II. Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Nezici Zobuchwepheshe Zabacwengi

Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sesakhiwo, indlela yokusebenza, kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa, abacwengisisi abajwayelekile embonini yokwenza amaphepha bahlukaniswe kakhulu ngezigaba ezine ezilandelayo, ngasinye sigxile kobuchwepheshe kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza:

1. Isicwengisisi sediski

• Izimpawu Zesakhiwo: Ihlanganiswe ne-fixed disc (i-stationary disc) kanye ne-rotating disc (i-rotating disc). I-disc surface isakazwa ngezindawo zokugaya zezinyo ezihlukene (ezifana ne-serrated, trapezoidal, spiral), futhi ukuqina kokucwenga kulawulwa ngokulungisa igebe le-disc.
• Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe: Ukusebenza kahle kokucwenga okuphezulu, ukuguqulwa kwefayibha efanayo. Ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezigaxa ezihlukahlukene (i-pulp yokhuni, i-straw pulp, i-waste paper pulp) ngokushintsha izimo zezinyo le-disc, iyenze ibe yimishini yokucwenga esetshenziswa kakhulu ehlanganisa iphepha lamasiko, iphepha lokupakisha, iphepha lasendlini yangasese, nezinye izinhlobo zephepha.
• Izinhlobo ezingaphansi: Isicwengisisi se-single-disc (esenza ohlangothini olulodwa lwe-disc), i-double-disc refiner (esebenza ezinhlangothini zombili zediski ngesikhathi esisodwa), isicwengisisi se-triple-disc (i-middle stationary disc + ama-disc amabili ajikelezayo ohlangothini, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu).

2. I-Conical Refiner

• Izimpawu Zesakhiwo: Ithatha inhlanganisela ye-conical stator ne-rotor. I-Pulp iqhubekela phambili ngokuvunguza eduze kwegebe eliyikhonika, ingaphansi kokugundwa okuqhubekayo nokukhishwa. Ukuqina kokucwenga kungalawulwa ngokunembile ngokulungisa igebe eliyindilinga.
• Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe: Ukusika i-fiber encane, umphumela omuhle we-fibrillation, ofanele izinhlobo zephepha ezidinga ukugcinwa kobude be-fiber (njengephepha le-kraft, i-linerboard). Iphinde ibe nokuzinza okuqinile kokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukucwengwa kwesibili kwe-waste paper pulp noma ukucubungula okuhle kwe-pulp yezinga eliphezulu.

3. I-Cylindrical Refiner

• Izimpawu Zesakhiwo: Ihlanganiswe ne-cylindrical grinding roll kanye nepuleti lokugaya elimise okwe-arc. Indawo yokugaya ifakwe amazinyo okugaya aphambene noma a-spiral. Ukujikeleza komqulu wokugaya kushayela ukugeleza kwe-pulp futhi kuqedele inqubo yokucwenga.
• Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe: Ukubekezelela okuphezulu ukungcola (okufana nezinhlamvu zesihlabathi, izingcezu zepulasitiki) ku-pulp, akulula ukuvala. Ifanele ukugaywa okungalungile kwephepha elilahliwe noma ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwe-fiber eqinile njenge-straw pulp, evame ukusetshenziswa enqubweni yokucwenga yangaphambili yemigqa yokukhiqiza.

4. Isicwengisisi Esivumelana Kakhulu

• Izimpawu Zesakhiwo: Ifanele izindawo ze-pulp zokuvumelana okuphezulu (15% -40%). Isebenzisa idivayisi ekhethekile yokuphakelayo (efana ne-screw feeder) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungena kwe-pulp efanayo endaweni yokugaya. Umumo wezinyo le-disc ngokuvamile uwumklamo wamazinyo abanzi futhi onesikhala esikhulu ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokuxova ifayibha.
• Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe: I-fiber fibrillation degree ephezulu, amandla okubopha aqinile, angathuthukisa kakhulu amandla ephepha. Ezimweni ezihambisana kakhulu, ukusika i-fiber kuncane futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi. Ifanele ukucwengwa okuhle kwezinhlobo zamaphepha ezinga eliphezulu (njengephepha elimboziwe, iphepha elikhethekile) noma ukucutshungulwa kwe-pulp okudinga i-fiber bonding ephezulu.

III. Amapharamitha Abalulekile Wezobuchwepheshe kanye Nezimiso Zokukhetha Zabacwengi

1. Amapharamitha wezobuchwepheshe abalulekile

• Ukucwenga Ukuvumelana: Ihlukaniswe ngokungaguquguquki okuphansi (≤8%), ukuvumelana okuphakathi (8% -15%), nokuvumelana okuphezulu (≥15%). Ukungaguquguquki kuthinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kokucwenga kanye ne-fiber morphology, njengokucwengisiswa okuphezulu okugxile ku-fibrillation kanye nokucwenga okuphansi okugxile ekusikeni.
• I-Disc Gap: Ipharamitha engukhiye enquma ukushuba kokucwenga. Uma igebe lincane, liyakhuphuka izinga lokucwenga. Idinga ukuguqulwa ngamandla ngokuya ngezidingo zohlobo lwephepha nezici ze-pulp (imvamisa ilawulwa ku-0.1-1.0mm).
• Umumo Wezinyo Lediski Nobubanzi Bezinyo: Ukuma kwamazinyo kuthinta indlela imicu egcizelelwe ngayo (uhlobo lwe-shear-type izinyo lufanele ukusika, uhlobo lokuxova izinyo lomumo lufanele i-fibrillation). Ububanzi bezinyo bunquma indawo yokuxhumana yendawo yokugaya, edinga ukufanisa uhlobo lwe-pulp nethagethi yokucwengisiswa.
• Amandla Ezimoto kanye Nesivinini Sokuzungeza: Amandla anquma umthamo wokucwenga (ngokuvamile u-55-1000kW), futhi isivinini sokujikeleza sithinta isivinini somugqa wediski (ngokuvamile u-1500-3000r/min). Ijubane eliphezulu lomugqa lisho amandla okugunda anamandla, afanele izidingo zokucwenga ezinomfutho ophezulu.
• Amandla: Kukhethwe ngokwesilinganiso somugqa wokukhiqiza. Umthamo wethuluzi elilodwa ngokuvamile u-5-100t/d, futhi imigqa yokukhiqiza emikhulu ingasebenzisa uchungechunge lwamayunithi amaningi noma ukucushwa okufanayo.

2. Izimiso Zokukhetha Eziwumgogodla

• Ijwayelana Nezidingo Zohlobo Lwephepha: Ephepheni lokupakisha lamandla aphezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu kunikezwa abacwengisisi abangaguquguquki okuphezulu noma abacolisi be-conical; ephepheni elihle lamasiko, izicwengisisi ezinamadiski amabili noma izicwengisisi zamadiski amathathu zingakhethwa; ukucutshungulwa kwe-pulp yephepha likadoti, izicwengisisi ze-cylindrical noma izicwengisisi zediski ezimelana nokungcola ziyakhethwa.
• Qondanisa izici ze-Pulp: I-Wood pulp inemicu emide, ngakho-ke gxila ku-fibrillation, futhi izicwengisisi ezisezingeni eliphezulu noma izihlungi ze-conical azikhethela; i-straw pulp inemicu emifushane, ngakho-ke izinga lokusika lidinga ukulawulwa, futhi abacwengi be-disc abangaguquki kancane bayazikhethela; i-waste paper pulp iqukethe ukungcola okuningi, ngakho-ke imishini ekwazi ukumelana nokuvala kufanele kukhethwe.
• Ibhalansi Effective and Energy Consumption: Kuhlanganiswe nezidingo zamandla omugqa wokukhiqiza, khetha imishini eneyunithi ephansi yokusebenzisa amandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kokucwenga okuphezulu. Isibonelo, imigqa yokukhiqiza emikhulu ingasebenzisa izicwengisisi ezinamadiski amathathu, futhi imigqa yokukhiqiza emincane nemaphakathi ingasebenzisa izicwengisisi zediski elilodwa noma izicwengisisi ezinamadiski amabili.
• Cabangela Ukuguquguquka Okuhlakaniphile: Abacwengi besimanje ngokuvamile bahlome ngezinhlelo zokulawula ze-PLC, ezikwazi ukubona ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwenqubo yokucwenga (njengobude be-fiber, ukungaguquguquki kwe-pulp, isimo sokugqoka kwediski) nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwe-loop. Lapho ukhetha, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa izinga lobuhlakani bomugqa wokukhiqiza futhi ubeke kuqala imishini engaxhunywa kunethiwekhi futhi kulula ukuyinakekela.

IV. Amathrendi Okuthuthukisa Ubuchwepheshe Abacwengisisayo

Ngoguquko lwemboni yokwenza iphepha ibe "ikhabhoni ephansi eluhlaza, ubuhlakani obusebenza kahle kakhulu, kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu", ubuchwepheshe bokucwenga buveza izinkomba ezintathu ezinkulu zentuthuko:

• Intelligent Thuthukisa: Hlanganisa izinzwa, I-inthanethi Yezinto, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-AI ukuze ubone ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwenqubo yokucwenga nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kweluphu evaliwe, ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kokucwenga nokuzinza.
• Ukuthuthukiswa Konga Amandla: Lungiselela idizayini yesakhiwo sediski (njengesimo sezinyo le-bionic), sebenzisa amamotho asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula isivinini sokuguqulwa kwemvamisa ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okucwengisiswa kweyunithi. Abanye abacwengi bohlobo olusha banciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-15% -30% uma kuqhathaniswa nezisetshenziswa zendabuko.
• Ukuhlanganisa Okuningi: Thuthukisa okokusebenza okuhlanganisiwe “kokucwenga – ukuhlola – ukuhlanzwa” ukuze kuncishiswe izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nesikhala saphansi semishini; qondisa izidingo zephepha elikhethekile, thuthukisa izicwengisisi ezikhethekile (njenge-ultra-fine fiber refiners, izicwengisisi ezikhethekile ze-bio-mechanical pulp) ukuze kwandiswe izimo zohlelo lokusebenza.

"Njengomsunguli oyinhloko" wokukhiqiza iphepha, izinga lobuchwepheshe labacwengisi lihlobene ngokuqondile nekhwalithi yephepha, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo. Kumongo wemboni yokwenza iphepha ephishekela ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, ukukhetha izinhlobo ezifanele zomcwengisisi, ukwenza ngokugcwele amapharamitha obuchwepheshe abalulekile, kanye nokuhambisana nezitayela zokuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani nokongiwa kwamandla kuzoba isiqinisekiso esibalulekile sezinkampani ukuze zithuthukise ukuncintisana kwazo okuyinhloko.