Selokhu uLouis Robert waseFrance asungula umshini wokuqala wephepha oqhubekayo ngo-1799, lobu buchwepheshe bushintshe ukusabalala kwempucuko yabantu ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200, imishini yephepha ishintshe kusukela kuma-prototypes asendulo afakwe ngesandla yaba ama-giants anamuhla anejubane elingaphezu kwamamitha angu-1500 ngomzuzu, eqhutshwa ukudluliselwa okuqhubekayo kokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuhluma: Kusukela Elabhorethri Kuya Ekukhiqizweni Okukhulu

Ukusungulwa kukaLouis Robert ngo-1799 kwaphawula ukuphela kokwenziwa kwephepha ngesandla. Umshini wakudala onama-cranked ngesandla, onocingo lwethusi oluyi-640mm ububanzi nobude obuyi-3000mm kanye nesivinini esingamamitha angu-5 ngomzuzu, wabeka umqondo oyinhloko wokwenziwa kwephepha okuqhubekayo.

Ngo-1803, exhaswe yi-stationer uHenry Fourdrinier, unjiniyela waseBrithani uBryan Donkin wakha umshini wokuqala we-Fourdrinier owakhiqizwa ngobuningi futhi wawufaka eFrogmore Paper Mill e-UK. Ngobubanzi bephepha obungu-813mm kanye nengxenye yokucindezela eqhubekayo yokukhipha amanzi, waqala ngokusemthethweni inkathi yokwenza iphepha lezimboni.

Ukuphayona: Ukuphumelela Kwezobuchwepheshe Ezibalulekile

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, amamojula ayisisekelo emishini yamaphepha aqala ukuma ngokulandelana:

• Ubuchwepheshe beSilinda Mold: Yasungulwa nguBraman ngo-1805, yabeka isisekelo sezinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini yephepha.
• Uhlelo Lokomisa: Omisi baqala ukuvela ngo-1816, ekuqaleni befudunyezwa ngamalahle ngaphandle kwezimbozo; ngo-1823, uCrompton wasungula omisi abafudunyezwa ngomusi abanezimbozo zomisi, okwakhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokomisa.
• Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesigaba Sezindaba NezintamboUJohn Dickinson wagunyaza umshini wesibili ngo-1817; uThomas Barutt wadala amadivayisi okushukumisa izintambo kanye ne-watermark ngo-1830, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yephepha kanye nokuzinza.

Ngo-1840, ububanzi bomshini we-Fourdrinier badlula u-1525mm (amasentimitha angu-60), okwavula indlela yokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu.

I-Leap: Revolution kuMandla kanye nokuzenzakalela

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, impumelelo yenguquko yezimboni yangena ngokujulile ekwenzeni amaphepha:

• Amandla Okusungula Izinto EzintshaNgo-1894, umshini wokugaya iphepha wase-Austria waqala ukusebenzisa injini kagesi esikhundleni sezinjini zomusi, okwathuthukisa isivinini kanye nokuzinza.
• Ukuhlola Okusheshayo: Umshini wephepha omkhulu kunayo yonke e-US wavela ngo-1896, unobubanzi obungu-4060mm kanye nesivinini esingu-152m/min; ukusungulwa kwama-vacuum sofa rolls ngo-1908 olungiselelwe ukumunca amanzi engxenyeni yensimbi.
• Ukuthuthukiswa Kwedrayivu KagesiNgo-1909, uVoith noBrown Boveri bakha ndawonye idrayivu kagesi yesigaba, okwenza kube nokuvumelanisa okunembile kwesivinini sazo zonke izingxenye zomshini.

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ama-headbox e-hydraulic kanye nama-headbox anezingqimba aqinisekisa ukwakheka kwephepha elifanayo; ama-crown rolls aguquguqukayo axazulula ukuphambuka kwe-roll ngesivinini esikhulu.

I-Peak: Isivinini kanye nemikhawulo yemishini yephepha yanamuhla

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, imishini yephepha yangena enkathini "yokuncintisana ngesivinini":

Ngo-1993, iMachine 6 eJämsänkoski Mill yaseFinland yakhiqiza iphepha elinobukhulu obungu-56g/m² ku-1502m/min enobubanzi bentambo obungu-10.1m; ngonyaka ofanayo, iMachine 7 eKaipola Mill yabeka irekhodi lephepha elinyathelisiwe elingu-1530m/min. Lawa ma-giant enziwe yiValmet amelela isiqongo somhlaba wonke sobuchwepheshe bokwenza iphepha.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imishini evuthiwe enama-twin wire, imishini yokucindezela ehlanganisiwe kanye nama-headbox e-air-cushion ifinyelele intuthuko ebubanzini, isivinini kanye nekhwalithi; izinto ezintsha ezifana nezintambo zepulasitiki namabhodi okususa amanzi e-tungsten carbide zithuthukise ukuqina nokusebenza kahle.

Ukubuka emuva kanye nokubuka phambili

Kusukela emshinini kaRobert onama-crank ngesandla kuya ezikhulwini ezinkulu zanamuhla ezisheshayo, umlando wemishini yamaphepha uyinguquko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nobufakazi bokusabalala okusheshayo kwempucuko yabantu. Yashintsha ukukhiqizwa kwamaphepha futhi yenza ukuba ulwazi nolwazi luthandwe kakhulu. Manje, phakathi kwegagasi ledijithali, imishini yamaphepha iguqukela ekongeni amandla, ekuhlakanipheni nasekukhiqizeni iphepha okukhethekile, iqhubeka nenganekwane yayo enkathini entsha.