Umsuka Wephepha Le-Kraft

Iphepha Lokwenza Igama elihambisanayo elisho “okuqinile” ngesiJalimane lithi “i-cowhide”.

Ekuqaleni, izinto zokusetshenziswa kwephepha kwakuyizindwangu futhi kwasetshenziswa i-pulp ebilisiwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ngokusungulwa kwe-crusher, kwasetshenziswa indlela yokugaya ngomshini, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa zacutshungulwa zaba izinto ezinemicu nge-crusher. Ngo-1750, uHerinda Bita waseNetherlands wasungula umshini wephepha, kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kwephepha elikhulu. Isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenza iphepha sadlula kakhulu ukunikezwa.
Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu baqala ukucwaninga nokuthuthukisa ezinye izinto zokwakha iphepha. Ngo-1845, uKeira wasungula i-pulp yokhuni olugayiwe. Lolu hlobo lwe-pulp lwenziwa ngokhuni futhi luchotshozwa lube yizintambo ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi ye-hydraulic noma yemishini. Kodwa-ke, i-pulp yokhuni olugayiwe igcina cishe zonke izingxenye zezinto zokhuni, ngezintambo ezimfushane neziqinile, ubumsulwa obuphansi, amandla abuthakathaka, kanye nokuphuzi okulula ngemva kokugcinwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-pulp lunesilinganiso esiphezulu sokusetshenziswa kanye nentengo ephansi. I-pulp yokhuni olugayiwe ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-newsprint kanye nekhadibhodi.

Ngo-1857, uHutton wasungula i-pulp yamakhemikhali. Lolu hlobo lwe-pulp lungahlukaniswa lube yi-pulp ye-sulfite, i-pulp ye-sulfate, kanye ne-pulp ye-caustic soda, kuye ngokuthi i-ejenti yokuhlukanisa esetshenziswayo isetshenziswa kanjani. Indlela ye-caustic soda pulping eyasungulwa nguHardon ihilela ukufutha izinto zokusetshenziswa kusisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ezihlahleni ezinamahlamvu abanzi kanye nezinto zezitshalo ezifana nesiqu.
Ngo-1866, uChiruman wathola i-sulfite pulp, eyayenziwe ngokufaka izinto zokusetshenziswa esixazululweni se-sulfite esino-acidic equkethe i-sulfite eningi bese eyipheka ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi ukuze kususwe ukungcola okufana ne-lignin ezingxenyeni zezitshalo. I-bleached pulp kanye ne-wood pulp exutshwe ndawonye ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-newsprint, kanti i-bleached pulp ifaneleka ekukhiqizweni kwephepha eliphezulu neliphakathi nendawo.
Ngo-1883, uDaru wasungula i-sulfate pulp, esebenzisa ingxube ye-sodium hydroxide kanye ne-sodium sulfide ekuphekeni okunomfutho ophezulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu. Ngenxa yamandla aphezulu e-fiber e-pulp ekhiqizwa yile ndlela, ibizwa ngokuthi “i-cowhide pulp”. I-Kraft pulp kunzima ukuyi-bleach ngenxa ye-lignin ensundu esele, kodwa inamandla aphezulu, ngakho-ke iphepha le-kraft elikhiqizwayo lifaneleka kakhulu ephepheni lokupakisha. I-bleached pulp ingafakwa nakwamanye amaphepha ukwenza iphepha lokunyathelisa, kodwa isetshenziswa kakhulu ephepheni le-kraft kanye nephepha elihlanganisiwe. Sekukonke, selokhu kwavela i-pulp yamakhemikhali njenge-sulfite pulp kanye ne-sulfate pulp, iphepha liye lashintsha ekubeni yinto yokunethezeka laba yimpahla eshibhile.
Ngo-1907, iYurophu yasungula i-sulfite pulp kanye ne-hemp mixed pulp. Ngonyaka ofanayo, i-United States yasungula imboni yokuqala yephepha le-kraft. UBates waziwa njengomsunguli “wezikhwama zephepha le-kraft”. Ekuqaleni wasebenzisa iphepha le-kraft ekupakisheni usawoti futhi kamuva wathola ilungelo lobunikazi “le-Bates pulp”.
Ngo-1918, i-United States neJalimane zaqala ukukhiqizwa ngomshini kwezikhwama zephepha ezenziwe ngokhuni. Isiphakamiso sikaHouston "sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zephepha elisindayo" naso saqala ukuvela ngaleso sikhathi.
Inkampani iSanto Rekis Paper Company e-United States yangena ngempumelelo emakethe yaseYurophu isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthunga izikhwama zomshini wokuthunga, kamuva obwethulwa eJapane ngo-1927.