Umsuka we-Kraft Paper

I-Kraft PaperIgama elihambisanayo elisho “okunamandla” ngesiJalimane lithi “isikhumba senkomo”.

Ekuqaleni, izinto zokusetshenziswa zephepha kwakuyizindwangu futhi i-pulp evutshiwe yayisetshenziswa. Ngokulandelayo, ngokusungulwa kwe-crusher, indlela ye-pulping eyimishini yamukelwa, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa zacutshungulwa zaba izinto ezine-fibrous ngokusebenzisa i-crusher. Ngo-1750, uHerinda Bita waseNetherlands wasungula umshini wephepha, futhi kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kwephepha elikhulu. Isidingo sezinto zokwenziwa kwephepha zedlula kakhulu inani lazo.
Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu baqala ukucwaninga nokuthuthukisa ezinye izinto zokwakha iphepha. Ngo-1845, uKeira wasungula i-pulp yokhuni lomhlabathi. Lolu hlobo lwe-pulp lwenziwa ngokhuni futhi luchotshozwa lube imicu ngokusebenzisa i-hydraulic noma i-mechanical pressure. Kodwa-ke, i-groundwood pulp igcina cishe zonke izingxenye zezinto zokhuni, ezinezintambo ezimfushane neziqinile, ukuhlanzeka okuphansi, amandla abuthakathaka, nokuphuzi okulula ngemva kokugcinwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-pulp lunezinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kanye nenani eliphansi. I-pulp yokhuni yokugaya ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izincwadi zezindaba kanye namakhadibhodi.

Ngo-1857, u-Hutton wasungula i-pulp yamakhemikhali. Lolu hlobo lwe-pulp lungahlukaniswa lube yi-sulfite pulp, i-sulfate pulp, ne-caustic soda pulp, kuya nge-ejenti yokuhlukanisa esetshenzisiwe. Indlela ye-caustic soda pulping eyasungulwa u-Hardon ihilela ukuthungatha izinto ezingavuthiwe esixazululweni se-sodium hydroxide ekushiseni okuphezulu nokucindezela. Le ndlela ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa izihlahla ezinamahlamvu abanzi kanye neziqu ezifana nezitshalo.
Ngo-1866, uChiruman wathola i-sulfite pulp, eyenziwa ngokungeza izinto ezingavuthiwe kwisixazululo esine-acidic sulfite esine-sulfite eyeqile futhi siyipheka ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okufana ne-lignin ezingxenyeni zezitshalo. I-pulp e-bleached kanye ne-wood pulp ehlanganiswe ndawonye ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-newsprint, kuyilapho i-bleached pulp ifanele ukukhiqizwa kwephepha eliphezulu kanye nebanga eliphakathi.
Ngo-1883, uDaru wasungula i-sulfate pulp, esebenzisa ingxube ye-sodium hydroxide ne-sodium sulfide ekuphekeni okunomfutho ophezulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu. Ngenxa yamandla aphezulu e-fiber ye-pulp ekhiqizwa yile ndlela, ibizwa ngokuthi "i-pulp yesikhumba senkomo". I-Kraft pulp inzima ukuyixuba ngenxa ye-lignin ensundu esele, kodwa inamandla amakhulu, ngakho-ke iphepha le-kraft elikhiqiziwe lifaneleka kakhulu ephepheni lokupakisha. I-pulp e-bleached ingabuye yengezwe kwelinye iphepha ukwenza iphepha lokuphrinta, kodwa isetshenziselwa kakhulu iphepha le-kraft kanye nephepha likathayela. Sekukonke, selokhu kwavela i-pulp yamakhemikhali efana ne-sulfite pulp kanye ne-sulfate pulp, iphepha selishintshile lisuka entweni ewubukhazikhazi laba yimpahla eshibhile.
Ngo-1907, i-Europe yathuthukisa i-sulfite pulp kanye ne-hemp exutshwe ne-pulp. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-United States yasungula ifektri yokuqala ye-kraft paper. U-Bates waziwa njengomsunguli we "kraft paper bags". Waqale wasebenzisa iphepha le-kraft ukupakisha usawoti futhi kamuva wathola ilungelo lobunikazi le-“Bates pulp”.
Ngo-1918, i-United States neJalimane yaqala ukukhiqizwa kwezikhwama zephepha ze-kraft ngomshini. Isiphakamiso sika-Houston “sokuvumelana nezimo kwephepha lokupakisha elisindayo” nalo laqala ukuvela ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Santo Rekis Paper Company e-United States yangena ngempumelelo emakethe yaseYurophu isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthunga izikhwama zomshini wokuthunga, kamuva owethulwa eJapane ngo-1927.